Kelly, citing other scholars for support, concludes that there is no reason to link the Xiongnu with the Huns and notes that Guignes was working at a time when archaeological evidence on both the Xiongnu and the Huns was scarce. [142] The Huns crossed the Julian Alps and then besieged the heavily defended city of Aquileia, eventually capturing and razing it after a long siege. [76] Where Olympiodorus met Charaton is also unclear: due to Olympiodorus's traveling by sea, they may have met somewhere on the Pontic steppe. ( Log Out /
The earliest systematic description of the Huns is that given by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus, writing c. 395. Attila the Hun never invaded Rome itself, and his empire fell apart around 469 A.D. Attila and his army seemed genuinely to enjoy warfare, the rigors and rewards of military life were more appealing to them than farming or attending livestock. Hunnic history âwasnât necessarily just a story of conflict, but more a story of cross-border exchanges, cross-border adaptability,â Hakenbeck told the Washington Post in 2017. Having discussed the origins of the Huns, we shall next discuss their history in China, and the beginnings of the incursions into the west…. [6][5], A tribe called the Ουρουγούνδοι Ourougoúndoi (or Urugundi) who, according to Zosimus, invaded the Roman Empire from north of the Lower Danube in 250 AD may have been synonymous with the Βουρουγουνδοι Bourougoundoi, whom Agathias (6th century) listed among the Hunnish tribes.
[164] Ardaric's grandson Mundo is identified in sources both as a Hun and as a Gepid. When Rua died in 434 he was succeeded by his two nephews, Bleda and Attila. How long will the footprints on the moon last? [81] In 427, however, the Romans broke their alliance with the Huns and attacked Pannonia, perhaps reconquerring part of it.
(XXXI.ii.1-9).
[27] Athanaric wanted to fortify the borders, but Hun raids into the land west of the Dniester continued. With the Roman troops who once guarded the border now deployed to Sicily, the Huns saw an opportunity for easy plunder. Jordanes continues: Now in my opinion, the evil spirits, from whom the Huns are descended, did this from envy of the Scythians. [159] He died in 469, with Kim believing he was murdered, and his head was sent to the Romans. The 2nd century geographer Ptolemy mentioned a people called Χοῦνοι Khunnoi,[1][2] when listing the peoples of the west Eurasian steppe. [95] In 438, an army of Huns aided the Roman general Litorius in an unsuccessful siege of the Visigothic capital of Toulouse. The Huns themselves are usually thought to have disappeared after the death of his son Dengizich in 469. Ano ang mga kasabihan sa sa aking kababata? Attila the Hun: A Captivating Guide to the Ruler of the Huns and His... Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond, The End of Empire: Attila the Hun & the Fall of Rome, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [70] The Roman commander in Thrace attempted to make peace with Uldin, but Uldin refused his offers and demanded an extremely high tribute. "Huns." [188] Kim, however, argues that we can distinguish just four large tribal groupings of Huns after the death of Dengizich; he argues that these were likely all ruled by members of Attila's dynasty. Last time, we discussed how modern scholarship has shown a clear link between the names ‘Hun’ and ‘Xiongnu’, with the former likely originating as a Sanskrit transliteration of the latter, which was likely originally pronounced Hong Na in Old Chinese, rather than Shiung-nu, as in modern day Mandarin.
The short answer is that it is futile to speak of the Huns as a single ethnicity, given the multi-ethnic nature of steppe confederations.