[160], In 2010, research was presented to a conference in San Diego, suggesting that dolphins are second in intelligence only to human beings, and concluded that they should be regarded as nonhuman persons.

[140], Francione's Animals, Property, and the Law (1995) was the first extensive jurisprudential treatment of animal rights. In November 1973, they engaged in their first act of arson when they set fire to a Hoechst Pharmaceuticals research laboratory, claiming responsibility as a "nonviolent guerilla organization dedicated to the liberation of animals from all forms of cruelty and persecution at the hands of mankind. [146] Lori Gruen writes that women and animals serve the same symbolic function in a patriarchal society: both are "the used"; the dominated, submissive "Other". Ryder himself was elected to the Council in 1971, and served as its chair from 1977 to 1979.[75].

It would be monstrous to spare the dog."[156]. Its advocates oppose the assignment of moral value and fundamental protections on the basis of species membership alone—an idea known since 1970 as speciesism, when the term was coined by Richard D. Ryder—arguing that it is a prejudice as irrational as any other. [55] He wrote in his Notebooks (1837): "Animals – whom we have made our slaves we do not like to consider our equals.

He stopped short of advocating vegetarianism, arguing that, so long as an animal's death was quick, men would suffer more by not eating meat than animals would suffer by being eaten.

[20] Animal law courses are taught in 92 out of 180 law schools in the U.S.,[21] and the movement has gained the support of senior legal scholars, including Alan Dershowitz[22] and Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School. [50], There are also a growing number of "open rescues," in which liberationists enter businesses to remove animals without trying to hide their identities. Debbie Legge writes that existing legislation was very much tied to the idea of human interests, whether protecting human sensibilities by outlawing cruelty, or protecting property rights by making sure animals were not harmed. This is not the case, as the concept is that animals should have rights with equal consideration to their interests (for example, cats do not have any interest in voting, so they should not have the right to vote. The practice of sabotaging hunts (for example, by misleading the dogs with scents or horns) spread throughout south-east England, particularly around university towns, leading to violent confrontations when the huntsmen attacked the "sabs".

[37], New media, such as the Internet and email, have been used by Animal Rights Movement actors and countermovement actors in a variety of capacities. There are The same period saw writers and academics begin to speak out again in favor of animal rights. This page was last edited on 11 October 2020, at 07:55. This was followed by Mary Midgley's Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature (1978), then Animal Rights–A Symposium (1979), which included the papers delivered to the Cambridge conference. [44] In 1824, Broome arranged a new meeting in Old Slaughter's Coffee House in St Martin's Lane, a London café frequented by artists and actors.

Major pharmaceutical companies have taken legal measures to disallow protestors from targeting their companies. [10] They initially thought that a book with contributions from Brophy, Ruth Harrison, Maureen Duffy and other well-known writers might be of interest to publishers, but after an initial proposal was turned down by the first publisher they approached, Giles Gordon of Victor Gollancz suggested that the work would be more viable if it included their own writing.

"[36], In 1809, Lord Erskine (1750-1823) introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating. [14] Ryder subsequently became a contributor to Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans (1972), edited by John Harris and the Godlovitches, a work that became highly influential,[15] as did Rosalind Godlovitch's essay "Animal and Morals," published the same year. 70–74; Monaghan (2000), pp. The ruling said that if human beings are entitled to these rights, animals should be too. Salt wrote in the pamphlet that "a Vegetarian is still regarded, in ordinary society, as little better than a madman. [33] He did not conclude that humans and nonhumans had equal moral significance, but argued that the latter's interests should be taken into account. In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the National Farmers Organization. [76] In particular, Brophy's article was discovered in or around 1969 by a group of postgraduate philosophy students at the University of Oxford, Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch (husband and wife from Canada), John Harris, and David Wood, now known as the Oxford Group.