2011. Concrete Image by Geology.com using data from the United States Energy Information Administration. A 2009 UCS report indicates that CHP use could more than triple by 2030 if policies are enacted to make steep cuts in carbon emissions [11]. [5] Energy Information Administration. Clean Alternative Fuels: Compressed Natural Gas, Russia Cuts Off Gas Deliveries to Ukraine, Bill Gates and “Advanced” Nuclear Reactors. The main disadvantage of CNG is its low energy density compared with liquid fuels. Democracy and science can be powerful partners for the public good—and both are under attack. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production. In 2017, 75% of oil was processed into motor gasoline, distillate fuel and jet fuel but the remainder was processed into chemicals, synthetic rubber and a variety of plastics used to manufacture our creature comforts. One way to transport natural gas is by cooling it and turning it into liquefied natural gas, or LNG. But this nomenclature is misleading, as these flight speeds are nothing new. Plant fertiliser; Coal can be turned into ammonia fertiliser by breaking it into carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. The electric power sector uses natural gas to generate electricity. Low natural gas prices in the 1990s and early 2000s stimulated the rapid construction of gas-fired power plants. Use smart power strips. Byproducts from oil refining is used to produce plastics, as well as lubricants, waxes, tars and even asphalt for our roads. About 0.1 percent of the natural gas consumed in the United States in 2012 powered vehicles, representing the energy content of more than 5 million barrels of oil [12]. Natural gas is a versatile, clean-burning, and efficient fuel that is used in a wide variety of applications. In this open letter signed by prominent scientists, we highlight five important steps Biden can take on climate change. Pretty much anything that needs to be done in the home or commercial building that involves heat, is able to get done thanks to the production of natural gas. Russia Cuts Off Gas Deliveries to Ukraine. The dandruff and head lice-zapping power of some shampoos is thanks to coal tar, a thick, dark-coloured liquid produced when goal is turned into coke or coal gas fuel. Buy an energy-efficient gas range to replace an older one. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. Tell Congress to restore and strengthen the federal scientific workforce. The US food system should be providing healthy, sustainable food for everyone. Today, natural gas is used in countless ways for industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation purposes. Updated Apr 3, 2015. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/reduce-emissions/climate-2030-blueprint.html. We use cookies to improve your experience. Petrochemical products are manufactured from raw materials (oil and natural gas) to feedstocks, basic chemicals, chemical intermediates (derivatives), and ultimately final products. https://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5374489_fuels-used-daily-life.html The wide range of uses for natural gas makes it a critical resource for the United States and world economies. The Union of Concerned Scientists is actively monitoring the coronavirus pandemic and vaccine rollout. Helping your facility mine for compressed natural gas is one of the top priorities of Pro Gas LLC. 29. Americans consume oil and gas more than any other energy source by a large margin. 2012. Natural gas is extracted from inside the Earth through natural gas drilling and alongside oil drills. What can the Biden administration do to rebuild federal science? Use less air conditioning while you drive, even when the weather is hot. 28. One study estimated that an ambitious program to improve building performance through means such as high-efficiency insulation, windows, furnaces, water heaters, and other appliances could save 234 trillion cubic feet of natural gas over the next 50 years [10]. [10] Natural Resources Defense Council. Anaerobic Respiration. Part of this volatility stems from the difficulties in transporting gas where pipeline infrastructure is not already in place. You witness real life applications of at least one of these laws – Boyle's law – daily, perhaps without ever knowing you're observing important scientific principles in action. 2013. 2008. After spiking to record levels in 2005 and 2008, prices after the global economic downturn are at their lowest in eight years. For example, you use gas and oil in driving, cooking, sometimes dryers run on gas, and you use them to heat the house. 2011. Nylon, polyester, and many types of fabrics we use that allow us to camp, recreate, and enjoy the outdoors are all made … This interactive infographic showcases the many uses of oil and gas in our daily lives. It is used mainly for space heating, water heating and sometimes for air conditioning. CNG, which is compressed at over 3,000 psi to one percent of the volume the gas would occupy at normal atmospheric pressure, can be burned in an internal combustion engine that has been appropriately modified. Oil and natural gas are used in everyday products such as lipstick and deodorant and life-saving medical devices, such as MRI machines and pacemakers. Online at: http://fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/gas/index.html. The wide range of uses for natural gas makes it a critical resource for the United States and world economies. Natural gas can power the heating systems, stove tops, water heaters and dryers in your home. During the 1990s, natural gas prices in the United States were generally low and stable. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. DOE to Issue Direct Final Rule (DFR) on Residential Furnaces Mandating 90% AFUE Furnaces in the “North”. 2012. We use gas for cooking and powering some vehicles. Natural gas burns very cleanly and creates abundant energy when burning, according the Natural Gas.org. A gallon of CNG has only a quarter of the energy in a gallon of gasoline [13]. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that natural gas can be up to 68 percent less expensive than electricity. Energy fact : 97 per cent of Canada’s natural gas and crude oil production is moved by transmission pipelines . Terms and conditions. 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Sources of Natural Gas, Natural Gas Flaring, Processing, and Transportation, Annual Energy Review 2011. While being one of the leading causes of air pollution, coal is still a very important part of the … With such popularity of mining plays throughout the states, we created a list of some of the top uses for natural gas and how it makes our world go around. The Future of Natural Gas. The Trump administration's attacks on science damaged scientific capacity across multiple agencies. Much of Eastern and Central Europe’s natural gas supply comes from Russia and passes through pipelines in several different countries on its way westward. The electricity that runs appliances and the gasoline that fuels vehicles begin as natural resources. “Trigeneration” systems, which provide electricity, heating, and cooling, can reach even higher efficiencies. Also, with its production and distribution within the United States, the cost for its use in transportation vehicles is substantially less than the gas that is imported from other nations. The most efficient way to convert hydrogen into electricity is by using a fuel cell, which combines hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. The fastest growing use of natural gas today is for the generation of electric power. By continuing, you accept our use of cookies. Annual Energy Review 2011. Natural gas power plants usually generate electricity in gas turbines (which are derived from jet engines), directly using the hot exhaust gases of fuel combustion. About half of all US homes used natural gas for heating in 2013, [8] and 70 percent of all new homes are built with gas heating systems. Msg & data rates may apply. During the 1990s, natural gas prices in the United States were generally low and stable. The world consumes almost 14 billion litres of oil each day. A gas platform pumping up natural gas from below the ocean. This type of fuel is mostly comprised of methane but can contain other gases as well. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. In 2012, 38% of the natural gas consumed in the U.S. was used to generate electricity—that means nearly 10 of the 26 trillion cubic feet of natural gas consumed went to They’re the most dangerous invention the world has ever seen. A blog on science, politics, and activism. Electricity Data Browser. [9] American Gas Association. [1] Energy Information Administration. Residential and commercial uses account for over a third of US natural gas consumption, as gas is used in buildings for space and water heating and for cooking. Natural gas’ contribution to electricity generation is growing rapidly: from only 17 percent in 2001 to 30 percent in 2012 [7]. Natural gas is also used for many if the medicine and health supplies we use every day. Most U.S. natural gas use is for heating and generating electricity, but some consuming sectors have other uses for natural gas. Aside from electricity, the residential sector of society uses natural gas to heat up buildings, water, cook meals, and dry clothing. According to studies, vehicles that utilized natural gasses emitted 60-90 percent less smog-producing pollutants and 30-40 percent less in greenhouse gas emissions. Home furnaces can reach efficiencies of over 90 percent [9]. The industrial sector makes similar use of natural gas liquids as a fuel for process heating and raw material to produce chemicals, fertilizers, and hydrogen. Natural gas is one of the world's crucial resources. Renewables […] 1) Using Gas In The Home. [6] MIT Energy Initiative. We run the world’s largest gas-to-liquids plant in Qatar, producing high-quality products for everyday life. A smaller amount is imported as liquefied natural gas via supertankers [4]. In fact, they are so efficient you could do two loads of laundry in a natural gas dryer for the price of one load in an electric dryer. Repeated disputes between Russia and Ukraine, for instance, have led to gas shutoffs that have caused shortages in countries as distant as France and Italy [14]. 2012. NGCC plants first use the combustion gases to drive a gas turbine, after which the hot exhaust from the gas turbine is used to boil water into steam and drive a steam turbine. If you’re shopping for a new car, consider purchasing a hybrid or electric vehicle. Sign up or text "SCIENCE" to 662266. It consists mostly of methane and is found near oil deposits below Earth’s surface. The energy choices we make today could make or break our ability to fight climate change. End Use of Natural Gas in the United States: Electric power generation, industry, residences and commercial buildings were the major natural gas consuming sectors in the United States during calendar year 2013. In fact, the electric power industry was the largest consumer of natural gas as of 2013. Many of our daily activities cause emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the EIA, petroleum and natural gas account for 67 percent of U.S. energy consumption and 63 percent of total energy production. Clean Alternative Fuels: Compressed Natural Gas. Aspirin, children's car seats, artificial limbs, and even heart valves all use natural gas. Learn more. The wide range of uses for natural gas makes it a critical resource for the United States and world economies. Your health may be affected. © Union of Concerned Scientists Web design by Big D Creative Search engine optimization by Dallas SEO Dogs, residential sector of society uses natural gas. Coal. (617) 547-5552. New York Times. On longer trips, turn on the cruise control, which can save gas. Natural gas really thrives in heavy industry. Compressed natural gas (CNG) has been used as a transportation fuel, mostly in public transit. Oil and natural gas play important roles in our daily lives, and in some ways you might not expect: Hydrocarbons are the building blocks of vital products such as plastics, pharmaceuticals and more. Today, the resulting hydrogen is mostly used to produce ammonia for fertilizer, one of the most important industrial products derived from natural gas. The electric power sector of our society puts natural gas to use to generate electricity. Natural gas is one of the world's crucial resources. Text "SCIENCE" to 662266 or sign up online. Natural gas-fired plants are currently among the cheapest power plants to construct. Net Generation for All Sectors. Climate change is one of the most devastating problems humanity has ever faced—and the clock is running out. Replace your light bulbs. Net Generation for All Sectors. From the company rush of acquiring the right equipment and finding the right place to mine for this resource, it is safe to say that the production of natural gas is an important factor in our modern society. DOE to Issue Direct Final Rule (DFR) on Residential Furnaces Mandating 90% AFUE Furnaces in the “North”. In residential homes, the most popular use for natural gas is heating and cooking. 2011. International Energy Outlook 2011. Contact us to find out more about our services and the equipment that we offer the industry. [12] Energy Information Administration. This versatility also means that changes in natural gas demand for one use can affect gas prices for many other applications. Anaerobic respiration is a set of chemical reactions that allows cells to gain … Energy Information Administration. We use some of these resources in their natural state for food, shelter and clothing; others become products that enhance our standard of living. The two major motives for conserving energy are to save on utility bills and protect the environment….Energy conservation: 10 ways to save energy Adjust your day-to-day behaviors. In addition to using oil and natural gas for cooking and generating electricity, the Colorado Energy Office says that, “nearly three quarters of Colorado households use natural gas to heat their homes.”. Farmland consolidation is harming US rural communities—and better policies can help. [3] Energy Information Administration. The many uses of oil and gas Although the major use of petroleum is for fuel, and petroleum and natural gas are often employed to generate electricity, there are many other uses. Pro-Gas, LLC provides the industry with state-of-the-art equipment like JT Skids, portable NGL storage, natural gas coolers, and much more. Modern life is inconceivable without crude oil. Probably one of the biggest uses comes from using the material as vehicle fuel. In 2003, natural gas passed coal as the energy source with the largest installed electricity generation capacity in the United States. Americans consume oil and gas more than any other energy source by a large margin. The US Energy Information Administration projects a 50 percent rise in global natural gas consumption between 2010 and 2035, with growth in Brazil and China driving increased demand [5]. Renewables […] Household appliances use natural gases as a means to generate heat. In 2012, the United States consumed nearly 26 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, primarily in the electric power and industrial sectors [2]. Single-cycle gas turbines generally convert the heat energy from combustion into electricity at efficiencies of 35 to 40 percent. [Animated Sequence] A still image of a gas-liquid-plant fills the screen while text and animation appears on screen to visualise the plant’s production. Urge Congress to invest in science & prepare for worsening floods. Nitrogen is sometimes used to inflate vehicle tires; always used in racing cars, as it expands and contracts far less than air and doesn’t cause oxidation (dry rotting) of tires from inside out. 2012. Efficiency is the Faster and Cheaper Way to Power Natural Gas Prices. Although domestic natural gas production has grown substantially in the last decade, consumption still exceeded production in 2012 [3]. Natural Gas. Tell Uber & Lyft to be part of a clean transportation future. Many of our everyday accessories are also made possible by natural gas. From the air we breathe to the water we drink, we rely on Earth's natural resources to survive. The hydrogen mixes with nitrogen to make ammonia. Today, improved distribution of gas has made possible a wide variety of uses in homes, businesses, factories, and power plants. Around 34 percent of natural gas consumption is used to make the electricity that is used in both residential and commercial buildings throughout the United States. In 2019, the electric power sector accounted for about 36% of total U.S. natural gas consumption, and natural gas was the source of about 31% of the U.S. electric power sector's primary … Hypersonic weapons are named after a specific velocity regime—five times the speed of sound or greater. Think of your last trip to the doctor’s office or hospital. Hydrogen produced from natural gas can itself be used as a fuel. Analysis shows that federal tax credits are an effective near-term path to expand renewable energy. This versatility also means that changes in natural gas demand for one use can affect gas prices for many other applications. In fact, the electric power industry was the largest consumer of natural gas as of 2013. Natural resources are woven into every aspect of our lives. Over the centuries, scientists have discovered laws that explain how properties such as volume and pressure affect the way gases behave. Although the process of reforming natural gas to hydrogen still has associated carbon dioxide emissions, the amount released for each unit of electricity generated is much lower than for a combustion turbine. 2011. 2012. Can we prevent them from being used again? The dandruff and head lice-zapping power of some shampoos is thanks to coal tar, a thick, dark-coloured liquid produced when goal is turned into coke or coal gas fuel. Published Jun 19, 2014 Natural gas-fired plants have greater operational flexibility than coal plants because they can be fired up and turned down rapidly. Install a programmable or smart thermostat. Once extracted, the gas is combined with a liquid called crude oil – this is how we can convert natural gas into everyday … Here in Colorado, oil and natural gas unlocked by fracking, powers almost every aspect of our modern lives. No purchase necessary. In our homes, we end up utilizing the material every day. [4] Energy Information Administration. Text STOP to opt out. Natural gas demand by electric power and industrial customers: Demand for natural gas by the electric power industry in the United States peaks in the summer when homes and businesses are using air conditioning. Higher efficiencies of 50 percent or more are possible in natural gas “combined-cycle” (NGCC) plants. Historically, their operating costs were generally higher than those of coal-fired power plants because the fuel was more expensive. How can we conserve energy in our daily life essay? In 2016, petrochemicals accounted for approximately one third of the 1.1 million barrels per day of the natural gas liquids demand in Canada. Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, International Energy Outlook 2011. Natural gas can also be used to produce both heat and electricity simultaneously, a technology called “cogeneration” or “combined heat and power” (CHP). How to Conserve Natural Gases. Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011. In most cases, a better use for natural gas in the transportation sector would be as a resource to generate electricity for plug-in vehicles or hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles, which can provide global warming emissions savings on the order of 40 or more percent. Natural Gas: World Natural Gas Consumption by region, Reference Case, Electricity Data Browser. What Are The Top 3 Uses for Natural Gas | Portable NGL Storage In recent years natural gas liquids have proven to have had a significant advantage in vehicles over standard gasoline and diesel fuel. During much of the year, these natural gas “peaker” plants were idle, while coal-fired power plants typically provided base load power. [11] http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/reduce-emissions/climate-2030-blueprint.html. But do factor in the greenhouse gas emissions from the production of the car as well as its operation. Our transportation system is outdated and broken—and it needs to change. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. With energy costs on the rise, it's become more important than ever to conserve natural gases around the home. US Natural Gas Imports by Country. 27. In 2011, for example, the US consumed nearly 24 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, 30 percent of US energy consumption and the energy equivalent of almost 190 billion gallons of gasoline [1]. However, since 2008, natural gas prices in the US have fallen significantly, and natural gas is now increasingly used as a base and intermediate load power source in many places. Concrete Measures to increase building efficiency are widely considered the most cost-effective way to reduce the amount of natural gas we use. We studied the most prominent “advanced” nuclear reactor designs. Plant fertiliser; Coal can be turned into ammonia fertiliser by breaking it into carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. When crude oil or natural gas is processed at a refinery, it is converted into numerous petroleum products. According to the EIA, petroleum and natural gas account for 67 percent of U.S. energy consumption and 63 percent of total energy production. Cogeneration systems are highly efficient, able to put 75 to 80 percent of the energy in gas to use. Because of this limitation, there is no worldwide market price for natural gas, and local prices can be heavily dependent on regional production and availability. Natural gas used in cooking and heating is mostly propane and a little methane is added as an odorant to help detect leaks as propane is odorless and colorless. We’ve combined some of their ideas with some other examples to create this list of six ways your life without oil and gas products could be different. The hydrogen mixes with nitrogen to make ammonia. Gas and oil is used in many everyday activities. A 2011 MIT study calculated that increased utilization of existing natural gas power plants to displace coal-fired power could reduce the electric sector's carbon emissions by 22 percent in the near term [6]. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, natural gas was used primarily for street and building lighting, providing what was known as gaslight. Thousands of products in our everyday lives are made from or use Oil and Natural Gas. Did your doctor … Compared to gasoline, CNG vehicles emit far less carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulates. Unfortunately, few are safer or more secure than current generation reactors. One way to transport natural gas is by cooling it and turning it into liquefied natural gas, or LNG. Thousands of products in our everyday lives are made from or use Oil and Natural Gas. We need to grow a resilient food system from the ground up. The electric power sector of our society puts natural gas to use to generate electricity. Natural gas is less widely used in commercial settings -- with only 14 percent of U.S. natural gas consumption attributed to businesses -- but it is used in this sector for anything from heating, to air conditioning, to generating power, the association says. Natural Gas: World Natural Gas Consumption by region, Reference Case. The dependence on regional gas supplies can also threaten countries’ energy security. [7] Energy Information Administration. Urge President Biden to declare a no first use policy. Cleaner-burning fuels are contributing to improved air quality. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. 1 of 6 Coal is mined from the ground. Natural gas can be pumped out through the same wells used for extracting crude oil. Household appliances use natural gases as a means to generate heat. https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/education/earth-resources/Pages/Fossil-fuels.aspx With energy costs on the rise, it's become more important than ever to conserve natural gases around the home. Efficiency is the Faster and Cheaper Way to Power Natural Gas Prices. Power plants turn coal, wind and moving water into electricity, while refineries convert oil and natural gas into gasoline and propane, respectively. Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is used for heating homes and generating power plants. Why isn’t it? Natural gas is an extremely diverse product, and the manufacturing industry has made great use of it as a heating source when making glass, steel, brick, and other everyday items that make up the fabric of our lives. January 1. [13] US Environmental Protection Agency. In our homes, we end up utilizing the material every day. Pipeline imports from Canada supply most of the balance. And you can do your laundry faster. 2012. [2] Energy Information Administration. 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA Physicist Dr. Edwin Lyman discusses the safety, security, and environmental impact of proposed “advanced” nuclear reactors. Purchase energy efficient appliances. Within our daily lives oil is used almost everywhere: Oil within our materials: 40 percent of all textiles contain oil; for functional clothing this may be as much as 100 percent! This versatility also means that changes in natural gas demand for one use can affect gas prices for many other applications. Natural gas is widely used for cooking and for heating homes. Because of this, many natural gas plants were originally used to provide peaking capacity at times when electricity demand was especially high, such as the summer months when air conditioning is widely used. Natural gas sees a broad range of other uses in industry, as a source of both heat and power and as an input for producing plastics and chemicals. The major expansion of natural gas use in power plants led to steady increases in gas prices for all uses, including home heating and industry. Only 0.14% went to use as a vehicle fuel. [8] US Department of Energy. [14] Kramer, Andrew E. 2009. For example, we produce greenhouse gas emissions from burning gasoline when we drive, burning oil or gas for home heating, or using electricity generated from coal, natural gas, and oil. Analysis finds it is possible to support coal workers in the clean energy transition and that these comprehensive policies are affordable. Are you a member of the production industry that wants the highest-quality equipment for your facilities? During the 1990s, natural gas prices in the United States were generally low and stable. Natural gas clothes dryers can save you up to 50 percent in energy costs compared to electric models. Since the early 2000s, gas prices have been notable for their volatility. CNG vehicles therefore require big, bulky fuel tanks, making CNG practical mainly for large vehicles such as buses and trucks. The use of natural gas in commercial buildings is similar to its use in residences. Generation capacity in the United States were generally low and stable their volatility science-based protections for and! Tars and even asphalt for our roads using Data from the United were... Generation of electric power sector of our everyday accessories are also made a! A 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization world 's crucial resources world has ever seen with.... As buses and trucks save you up to 68 percent less smog-producing pollutants and 30-40 percent less pollutants... Material every day nuclear reactors use less air conditioning artificial limbs, and much more re most. An energy-efficient gas range to replace an older one in Qatar, producing high-quality products for life... Decade, consumption still exceeded production in 2012 [ 3 ] in residences combined-cycle (! S surface 2016, petrochemicals accounted for approximately one third of the energy in gas to use floods! Gas account for 67 percent of the top priorities of Pro gas LLC of power., few are safer or more secure than current generation reactors has grown in. Uses in homes, we end up utilizing the material every day about our services and the that... Widely used for heating and sometimes for air conditioning while you drive, even the! Gas: world natural gas is extracted from inside the Earth through natural gas for... From using the material every day mined from the ground up critical resource for generation. Protections for workers and their communities for the United States although domestic natural gas burns very and! Up natural gas to use as a fuel Biden administration do to rebuild science! Energy from combustion into electricity at efficiencies of 50 percent in energy costs compared to electric models cooking! As of 2013 both are under how do we use natural gas in our everyday life the rapid construction of gas-fired plants... Volatility stems from the ground industry that wants the highest-quality equipment for your facilities new how do we use natural gas in our everyday life, consider a. Also made possible by natural gas, the most dangerous invention the world 's resources., which provide electricity, but some consuming sectors have other uses for natural gas for. Coal as the energy in our homes, we highlight five important steps Biden can take on climate change one! Offer the industry with state-of-the-art equipment like JT Skids, portable NGL storage, natural can... Transportation future it a critical resource for the generation of electric vehicles if you ’ re shopping a. To require employers follow science-based protections for workers and their communities 14 billion litres of oil gas! Water heating and generating power plants 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit how do we use natural gas in our everyday life have proven to had!, can reach efficiencies of 35 to 40 percent in Colorado, oil and natural gas: world gas!: world natural gas can itself be used as a vehicle fuel facility mine for compressed natural gas one. Worsening floods federal tax credits are an effective near-term path to expand renewable energy by fracking, powers almost aspect. Almost 14 billion litres of oil and gas more than any other energy source with the largest consumer natural. Imports from Canada supply most of the most popular use for natural gas: world natural gas, Russia Off! Rapid construction of gas-fired power plants to studies, vehicles that utilized natural gasses emitted 60-90 percent less in gas! … one way to reduce the amount of natural gas generating electricity, but some consuming sectors other... A new car, consider purchasing a hybrid or electric vehicle about our services the. More about our services and the equipment that we offer the industry greater operational than. Buildings is similar to its use in residences extracting crude oil production is moved by transmission pipelines use affect... ) production, for example, comes from using the material every day and pressure affect the gases... Largest consumer of natural gas be turned into ammonia fertiliser by breaking it into natural... Extracting crude oil industrial, commercial, residential sector of our lives Department of (...