The regime insisted on segregating beaches, sporting events and universities, on gender lines. His tomb is one of Shiism’s two holiest shrines and Shiites annually mourn his death in reenactment passion plays. Khomeini, the theocrat-in-chief, and the new regime, imposed veiling on women and forbade them from serving as judges. In the absence of the Mahdi, Twelver Shiites believe that clerics trained in seminaries can substitute for his authority on some issues. The movement of Turkic tribes in large numbers into Iran is poorly chronicled. The current anti-Islam movement in Iran has recently gained serious momentum, especially among the younger generation who are savvy and aware of world events via the Internet. Iran has influence in the Arab world, but its theocratic form of rule has limited appeal. Ali’s son Hussein and his followers decided to fight against harsh governance, knowing that they were likely to be massacred. A third tendency emerged after the 2005 election of populist Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president. Eastern Iran, which had flourished in the earlier Islamic centuries, never fully recovered economically or regained political importance. An able general, who dispensed with the fiction of Safavid rule and himself took the throne as Nadir Shah, rebuilt an ephemeral empire and conquered as far east as Delhi. Iran had been suffering for a century from economic difficulties partly brought on by political disorder an nomadic incursions. They came to hold that, in general, seminary-trained clergymen could substitute themselves for the absent Imam. Green is associated with the descendants of the Prophet and is considered the color of Islam. So clerics in Shiism are powerful in interpreting God’s word for their followers. New articles are at the top. The starting point for debates in Iran is not secular law and civil rights, but the tradition of Muslim jurisprudence and practice called the Sharia. Their center of rule was in Azerbaijan, the northwestern province, which had seldom played an important role in earlier Iranian history. Since 1979, the Islamic Republic has imposed a strongly patriarchal order, but pious women have found ways to assert themselves in society and education. But the Islamic Republic he founded in 1979 represented a unique blend, since the supreme cleric or leader presided over a government formed by parliamentary and presidential elections that implied popular sovereignty. Shiites recite elegiac poetry, tearfully tell the tales of Hussein and his family and companions, and march in processions with banners. For the history of the region before the 7th century, see ancient Iran. A short history of 20th century Iran, including the Iran-Iraq war and the political climate that spilled into the 21st century. On Islam and the use of geometric patterns. Sunni Islam returned to rule when Ghazan converted. Iranians, unlike many of their neighbors, hold on very strongly to their pre-Islamic roots and achievements; sentiments of … Iran's constitution recognizes Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism (Persia's main pre-Islamic faith) as protected belief systems. Countries with Shiite minorities include Lebanon, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Since the mid-1990s, the Iranian political divide has also played out over the balance of power between the republican and religious nature of the state. As such, religion and politics are inseparable. And the faithful are obliged to give blind obedience to cleric’s religious rulings. The ideological underpinnings of the clerical state may be undermined in the next generation by either a lack of interest in religion or an enthusiasm for unorthodox forms of Islam such as Sufism, which is now widespread among Iran’s youth. Through centuries of foreign assimilation, Iran also retained its distinct cultural identity. Shiite Islam is not just the religion of state, but also forms the framework for a theocracy. The Seljuks employed some notable Iranian administrators, of whom Nizam al-Mulk was the most famous. Under Khomeini-ism, only clerical rule in accordance with Shiite law can create just government in the absence of the Prophet and the imams. The last Sasanid shah died a fugitive in eastern Iran in 651. Khomeini brought Friday prayer preachers from all over the Muslim world to Iran in hopes of influencing even Sunnis with his theocratic ideals. Some practice flagellation, whipping themselves with chains or cutting themselves with knives—folk rituals frowned upon by the educated clergy. Flanked by hostile Sunni states, Iran assumed a national political identity that embodied Shi’ism virtually as part of its definition. Revolutionary leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini introduced the idea of clerical supervision of a modern republican state that has all three standard branches of government—the executive, legislature and judiciary. Timur, known in English as Tamerlane, swept away these petty dynasties in his merciless conquest of Iran in the 1390s. Sunni Muslims are the second largest religious group. May 9, 2021 3:00 pm By Robert Spencer 10 Comments. At the core of Shiite belief and history is a basic contradiction. You know this. As the Abbasid caliphate lost power in the ninth century, several Iranian dynasties of different origins arose in various provinces. Lively debates center on issues such as the nature of a just government, women’s rights in Islam, economic justice and the extent of limits on personal liberty. The Arab invasion of Iran made a break with the past that affected not only Iran but all of western Asia and resulted in the assimilation of peoples who shaped and vitalized Muslim culture. Iran was the first country in the post-World War II era in which political Islam was the rallying cry for a successful revolution, followed by the new state formally adopting political Islam as its ruling ideology. A recirculation of wealth from the deposed aristocracy and a centralization of tax collection in the governing centers chosen by the Arbs contributed to this urbanization, as did a migration of converts to Islam from rural or outlying areas.The new cities were predominantly Muslim, and Iran became of the the most influential regions of Muslim intellectual activity. From around 1000 on the independent Iranian dynasties rapidly gave way to new dynasties of Turkic origin. Before the Islamic conquest, Iran was under the rule of the Sasanids, and suffered from a great deal of injustice, corruption and oppression. Shiites believed that the Prophet should have been succeeded by the relatives or descendants most familiar with his thinking and practices. But it also represented a revolution within Shiism, which had traditionally shunned direct clerical involvement in politics. The arrival of Islam in Iran was a turning point in Iranian history, in which the pattern of the country’s religious and cultural development was determined up to the present age. These trends accelerated when nomadic depredations reached a peak in the second half of the century and the dynasty of Khwarazmshahs, established by a lieutenant of one of the Seljuk sultans, proved overly rapacious. Iran is today the world’s only clerically-ruled government. FACT: Although Sunnis make up a commanding majority (85% to 90%) of the world’s Muslim population, they are a minority in Shi’a dominated Iran. We've compiled resources to help you cut through the stereotypes surrounding North Korea and more deeply examine the country, its people, and the complexities of its politics and nuclear program. Khomeini’s reform of Shiism proclaimed that there is no place for the monarchy in Islam. or followers of Ali.Ali did become the fourth caliph for five years, but was murdered in 661 AD. This article discusses the history of Iran from 640 ce to the present. The balance between religion and republicanism shifted from the late 1990s during the reform era. The initial split between Islam’s two main branches followed the Prophet Mohammed’s death in 632 AD. Timur’s descendants could not hold his empire together. An expansive essay on the history of Iran through the first great global age, illustrating periods of economic and political might and as well as periods of weakness and disjunction. The world’s most comprehensive website on Iran, “The Primer” brings together 50 experts—Western and Iranian—in concise chapters on politics, economy, military, foreign policy, and the nuclear program. Nishapur, Rayy, Isfahan, Shiraz). Some claimed power in the name of the descendant of Genghis Khan. Iranian aristocrats lived on rural estates and held their wealth ain land and treasure. Islam in Iran. 98 peratus daripada penduduk Iran menganut agama ini dan 89 peratus daripada penduduk Islam berpegang kepada ajaran Syiah dan 9 peratus berpegang kepada ajaran Sunah.Kebanyakan mereka yang beraliran Sunah adalah suku Turkomen, suku Arab, suku Balochi dan suku Kurdi dan mereka ini bertumpu di barat daya, tenggara, timur laut dan barat luat Iran. Safavid power and culture flourished in the early seventeenth century under Shah Abbas I. Isfahan, the capital, became a magnificent showplace. Iran has been Islamic for only 1300 Years Ok, 1300 years does sound like a long time. The prophet Muhammad proclaimed the religion of Islam in a series of revelations (which came to be called the Qur’an) that came to him between 611 and his death in 632. And it seems inappropriate for minorities in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. The Babiand Baha’i religious movements were the most important social developments of that era. The Sunni faithful do not owe blind obedience to their sheikhs. Iran is an Islamic state where close to 98% of the population identifies as being Muslim. Written sources indicate that most Iranians were Sunni, but these mostly emanate from the cities. (2.2) The Mongol and Timurid periods. Shiites hold that the Prophet’s son-in-law and first cousin, Ali, should have been his immediate successor. The Islamization of Iran occurred as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia in 633–654 CE. Shiites believe in the need for divine authority in this world. U.S. Crisis with Iraq Over Iranian Threat. But Iran rapidly fell apart again after his death in 1747. As such, religion and politics are inseparable. But the disappearance of the Twelfth Imam in the ninth century left the community rudderless. The Shahnama, an epic poem that recounts the tales of the mythical pre-Achaemenid rules of Iran as well as the historical shahs,was completed Firdausi around 1000. By the end of the century the country was weak and in debt to foreign creditors. Isma’ildeclared Shi’ite Islam the religion of his new state, even though the Safaviyya had at one time been Sunni like most of the Iranian population. Outstanding Shi’ite philosophers and theologians made the period an important one in Islamic intellectual history. In 1219 Genghis Khan led his Mongol army out of Central Asia and overwhelmed the army of the Khwarazm shah. Museum resources and educational resources that help students develop visual literacy and a better understanding of the world. It was a long process by which Islam, though long rejected, was gradually accepted by the majority of the population.On the other hand, Iranians have maintained certain pre-Islamic traditions, including their language and culture, and adapted them with Islamic codes. He lived in Mecca in western Arabia,and the earliest Mulims or believers in Islam, were Arabs. Eliot, Herman Hesse, and The Beatles. The Coming Fall of Islam in Iran portrays a hope of a great future in the Middle East. Zoroastrianism was the official religion of Iran until the Islamic conquest. How Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism complement one another. The Safavid Dynasty, a Golden Age in Iran, witnessed a cultural flowering under the charismatic Isma'il and Tahmasp. Facebook. This book will show readers how Iran is the first Muslim nation where a mass nationwide exodus is taking place among the Muslims, even as Islamic radicalism grows rapidly. By 1722 it was so weak that an army of marauders from Afghanistan was able to take and plunder Isfahan. The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps was founded as a sort of Shiite national guard to defend theocratic rule. Most Sunni activists are hostile to the Islamic Republic. But from about 800 onward more and more Iranians wrote an Iranian language derived from the Middle Persian languages of the Sasanid period. Occasional efforts at reform and westernization, prompted partly by the model of changes taking place in the Ottoman empire and partly by fear of Russian and British encroachment, produced no significant increase in power. Islam has been the official religion and part of the governments of Iran since the Islamic conquest of Iran circa 640 AD. 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