On 30 July 2014 the Yunuses were interrogated for a second time and detained in separate prisons. In 1919 Azerbaijan left parties including the Baku organization of the Russian communist party, “Gummet” and “Adalet”, started consolidating and by the end of the year, the Azerbaijan Communist Party (ACP) was created. This first arrest presaged a massive crackdown by the regime of President Ihan Aliyev, which set out to quash all dissent ahead of the 2015 European Games. The ADR also claimed territories of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (Derbent), but they were not as persistent about these claims as they were about the territories they disputed between Armenia and Georgia. On 13 August, …

The Ottoman Empire delivered an ultimatum to the Sejm with requirements to accept the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and initiated an attack to occupy the territories of Kars, Batumi, and Ardahan.

The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic encourages the free development of all nationalities inhabiting its territory.

At the beginning of April 1920, the Russian XI Red Army reached the border of Azerbaijan and prepared to attack.

Among them are Rasul Jafarov, founder of the Sing for Democracy and Sport for Rights campaigns, and Intigam Aliyev, a prominent human rights lawyer. [22][24][37] The capital of the ADR was finally moved from Ganja to Baku.

Azerbaijan is a fully sovereign nation; it consists of the southern and eastern parts of Transcaucasia under the authority of the Azerbaijani people.

The ADR found itself in a difficult position, hemmed in from the north by advancing Denikin forces, unfriendly Iran in the south; the British administration was not hostile but indifferent to the plight of Muslims. The conservative Ittihad party was the major opposition force and didn't participate in the cabinet formations, except its member was State Inspector General in the last Cabinet. [8][23][24][25] Muslims were expelled from Baku or went underground. Although the proclamation restricted its claim to the territory north of the Araz River, the use of the name Azerbaijan would soon bring objections from Iran. Ramiz Mammadov, Leyla Yunus’s lawyer, could find only one word to describe the situation: “Terrible.”. In June, while the Games were in full swing, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (Pace), took an important first step to condemning the regime, approving a landmark resolution calling on Azerbaijan to “put an end to systemic repression of human rights defenders, the media and those critical of the government”. Likewise, the national revolutionary Jangali movement in Gilan, while welcoming the independence of every Muslim land as a "source of joy," asked in its newspaper if the choice of the name Azerbaijan implied the new republic's desire to join Iran. The races began to slaughter each other in the street. [8] Another important accomplishment of the ADR was the establishment of Baku State University, which was the first modern-type university founded in Azerbaijan. The delegation of Azerbaijan and Georgia had been notified of this decision by M. Jules Cambon at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 15th January, 1920".[34]. Alimardan Topchubashov became the chairman of the Parliament while Hasan bey Aghayev was assigned as the deputy chairman. They were held illegally for a year, awaiting trial. Today, dozens of civil society campaigners face similar fates. By mid-1919 the situation in Azerbaijan had more or less stabilized, and British forces left on August 19, 1919. In accordance with the new structure, the Transcaucasian region was to have a fully independent internal policy, leaving to the new Russian government only foreign policy, defense and army, and custom. All the non-Azeri political groups of the city joined the Bolsheviks against the Muslims: Bolsheviks, Dashnaks, Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and even the anti-Bolshevik Kadets found themselves for the first time on the same side of the barricade because they were all fighting "for the Russian cause". The Soviets considered this position as support rendered by Azerbaijan to the White army led by Denikin, and lobby of the British interests on the Caspian Sea. The fighting increased in intensity by February 1920 and martial law was introduced in Karabakh, which was enforced by the newly formed National Army, led by general Samedbey Mehmandarov. In return Europe has turned a blind eye to Azerbaijan’s human rights violations. [12][13][14], The decision to use the name "Azerbaijan" drew some protests from Iran. If the trials of Intigam Aliyev and Rasul Jafarov are any indication, we can expect that they will be ordered to spend the greater part of the next decade in jail.

Throughout its existence from 1918 to 1920, the Republic of Azerbaijan had diplomatic relations with a number of states.

[7] The ADR was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council in Tiflis on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. This work that would later result in charges of state treason, to be decided in a future trial. Stepan Shaumyan, a Bolshevik, and Prokopius Dzhaparidze, a leftist SR, were elected Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners of the Commune of Baku. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Demokratik Respublikası), also known as Azerbaijan People's Republic (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti), or simply as Azerbaijan in Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920,[4][5] Caucasian Azerbaijan in some diplomatic documents abroad,[6] was the third secular democratic republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world, after the Crimean People's Republic and Idel-Ural Republic. They managed to capture the city of Nakhchivan in June 1919 and destroy the Republic of Aras, but afterwards fought combined regular Azerbaijani and Ottoman troops, which reinstated Azerbaijani control over the …

national, religious, agrarian and social, were to be solved by the Transcaucasian Constituent Assembly. [12][13][14], Under the ADR, a government system was developed in which a Parliament elected on the basis of universal, free, and proportionate representation was the supreme organ of state authority; the Council of Ministers was held responsible before it. Political life in the ADR was dominated by the Musavat Party, the local winner of the Constituent Assembly elections of 1917. The premier in the first three cabinets was Fatali Khan Khoyski; in the last two, Nasib Yusifbeyli. "Внешняя политика контрреволюционных правительств в начале 1919-го года".

The Centro-Caspian Dictatorship, also called Central-Caspian Dictatorship (Russian: Диктатура Центрокаспия, Diktatura Tsentrokaspiya) (Azerbaijani: Sentrokaspi Diktaturası), was a short-lived anti-Soviet administration proclaimed in the city of Baku during World War I. In the summer of 1918, the Dashnaks, together with the SRs and the Mensheviks, expelled the Bolsheviks, who refused to ask for British support, and founded the Centro Caspian Dictatorship (1 August 1918 – 15 September 1918). 1918–1921.

The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic guarantees to all its citizens within its borders full civil and political rights, regardless of ethnic origin, religion, class, profession, or sex. On June 16, 1919, the ADR and Georgia signed a defensive treaty against the White troops of General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army who were threatening to start an offensive on their borders.

Upon its arrival, the Azerbaijani delegation addressed a note to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, making the following requests: President Wilson granted the delegation an audience, at which he displayed a cold and rather unsympathetic attitude. Until the Azerbaijani Constituent Assembly is convened, the supreme authority over Azerbaijan is vested in a universally elected National Council and the provisional government is responsible to this Council. The city of Baku only became the capital of the Republic in September 1918. [19] The committee announced that in the following months the most important issues, i.e.

Turkish support played an important role and attracted the Bolsheviks the sympathies of the Muslim population in Azerbaijan. As many as 20,000 died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest. In accordance with the analysis made by the Bolsheviks, the ADR government received weak support from the people and this should have provided success to the operation. Civil society actors must be allowed to work without constraints or fear of retribution. The Republic of Armenia with its forces formed the 7th corps of Denikin's army and gained military support from the White Movement. To avoid bloodshed, the deputies complied with the demand and the ADR officially ceased to exist on April 28, 1920, giving way to the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR) as its successor state. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Demokratik Respublikası), also known as Azerbaijan People's Republic (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti), or simply as Azerbaijan in Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920, Caucasian Azerbaijan in some diplomatic documents abroad, was the third secular democratic republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world, … In the course of April and May 1917, several Muslim Assemblies took place. [citation needed] On April 25, 1919, a violent protest organized by Talysh workers of pro-Bolshevik orientation exploded in Lankaran and deposed the Mughan Territorial Administration, a military dictatorship led by Russian colonel T. P. Sukhorukov.