Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The remaining 14 specimens collected from the Darwin region (subsequently confirmed morphologically as Culex sp. We performed spatial validation to ensure the accuracy of this data by overlaying geo-positioned points with a raster distinguishing land from water, and removing any records outside of the land area. Moreover, transportation via shipping vessels has been identified as the main point of entry for the introductions and subsequent establishment of other Culex (Culex) species into Australia, including Cx. Fall AG, Diat A, Seck MT, Bouyer J, Lefranois T, Vachiry N, et al. Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. Japanese encephalitis prevention and control: advances, challenges, and new initiatives. tritaeniorhynchus spatially and temporally unique presence records were identified, consisting of 680 points and 365 polygons. PLoS One. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Phillips et al. One specimen identified as Cx. Vectors are not uniformly distributed within their overall range and tend to be spatially heterogeneous, resulting in patches of species occurrence [2, 3]. 2018;35:15479. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by the infectious bite of Culex mosquitoes. Culex tritaeniorhynchus occurs in sympatry with other species from the Vishnui subgroup from the NT. In order to overcome the above problem, Dr Bina Pani Das, the author of this book, developed BPD hop cage method, a simple, cost effective, and operationally feasible surveillance tool specially designed to capture predominantly day tritaeniorhynchus [58] utilised the centroid coordinates for administrative polygons, ignoring the uncertainty surrounding the true collection location, and their model, therefore, did not account for the high levels of diversity amongst environments in large areas. The Vishnui subgroup recovered as a strongly supported monophyletic group in the COI phylogeny (Fig. Rodrigues FM, Guttikar SN, Pinto BD. Ecography. 2011;84:72732. The virus tends to spill over into human populations when infected mosquito populations build up explosively and the human biting rate increases (these culicines are normally zoophilic, i.e. tritaeniorhynchus occurrence records obtained during the years 1928 to 2014 inclusive. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04911-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04911-2. In cases where a species had multiple specimens sharing identical haplotypes, a representative specimen was chosen to include in the phylogenetic analysis, with the clade number annotated on the phylogeny (as specified in Additional file 1: Table S1). tritaeniorhynchus at each 55km grid square (pixel) was generated for Southern, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia. Most infections are asymptomatic or cause nonspecific influenza-like illness (~99%); however, within the<1% of infections resulting in clinical disease, the case fatality rate is approximately 2030% [8, 9]. In this way, different pixels from within each polygon were used for each model run within the ensemble, and the uncertainty in the precise location of the record could be accounted for. 2014;65:1317. Japanese encephalitis virus strain Nakayama. 32 of Marks. Giraldo-Caldern GI, Emrich SJ, MacCallum RM, Maslen G, Dialynas E, Topalis P, et al. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. OPP1093011 also supports CLM, JL, AJB and DMP. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. An OBJECTID is provided for VectorMap data to allow readers to obtain the same records used within this study directly from the source. 2013;106:11325. Sinka ME, Rubio-Palis Y, Manguin S, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, et al. The vector is likely to be already established in northern Australia, given the wide geographical spread throughout the Top End of the NT. No. elife. Springer Nature. Experimental vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis-virus by Culex tritaeniorhynchus and other mosquitoes. (.docx) (DOCX 14 kb). DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. 2002;16:24552. J Travel Med. Japanese Encephalitis - Mode of Transmission Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a recently emerged disease in Australia (1). [3] suggested that flying foxes could play a prominent role in the transmission of JEV into northern Australia, since thousands of individuals migrate to Australia from Torres Strait and New Guinea where the virus is more prevalent. Remotely sensed temperature and precipitation data improve species distribution modelling in the tropics. Prediapause migration and overwintering of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) observed in a park in urban Tokyo during 2007 to 2009. Golding N, Wilson AL, Moyes CL, Cano J, Pigott DM, Velayudhan R, et al. Humans can get the disease a mosquito that carries the virus bites them. This book contains 20 chapters, which are divided into 5 sections. Zootropism and vertical flight of Culex tritaeniorhynchus with observations on variations in collections from animal-baited traps in different habitats. It can be used to aid predictions of current and future changes in disease distribution. Kay B, Russell R. Mosquito eradication. Distribution of overwintering mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in grassy fields in the Republic of Korea, 20072008. 2012;3:32738. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. tritaeniorhynchus from Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Although JE is a vector-borne disease, it has been demonstrated experimentally that transmission between pigs can occur through direct contact. Japanese Encephalitis Morbidity, Mortality, and Disability: Reduction and Control by 2015. tritaeniorhynchus may not necessarily apply to vectors exhibiting different behavioural traits [108]. 2010;61:6978. Our model also helps to highlight regions within countries that have a high environmental suitability for Cx. Hone J. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus.JEV is maintained in nature by a cycle that involves pigs and ardeid birds, which act as amplifying hosts [Reference Lindenbach, Thiel, Rice, Knipe and Howley 1].Mosquitoes belonging to the Culex vishnui subgroup (Culex vishnui Theobald sensu stricto, Culex pseudovishnui Colless, Culex . [PMC free article] Ree HI, Chen YK, Chow CY. 32 of Marks formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (ultrabootstrap support=100%), sister to Cx. 1). Detection of the Japanese encephalitis vector mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Australia using molecular diagnostics and morphology. Acta Trop. CAS 2000;24:745. orientalis and Cx. White boxes describe a data process, light grey boxes represent an analysis, and dark grey boxes represent final outputs. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a virus of the Flavivirus genus that may result in encephalitis in vertebrate hosts. 2008;17:13544. crinicauda was excluded from the Vishnui subgroup, which instead recovered as a strongly supported polytomic clade (ultrabootstrap support=94%) with Cx. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. tritaeniorhynchus occurrence records in several provinces with highly suitable environments in China (Gansu Sheng in northwest China, Shaanxi Sheng in northwest China, Hunan Sheng in south central China and Henan Sheng in south-central China), and throughout much of Nepal (Fig. We provide COI barcodes for most NT species from the Vishnui subgroup to aid future identifications, including the first genetic sequences for Culex (Culex) crinicauda and the undescribed species Culex (Culex) sp. The global incidence of JE is unknown, Foley DH, Wilkerson RC, Birney I, Harrison S, Christensen J, Rueda LM. Sci Data. 2012;93:67988. Overview of the methods. Acta Trop. Photographs were taken on a BK ImagingPLUS Lab System (Visionary Digital, Hollywood, CA,USA) using a Canon 65mm lens (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) stacked in Zerene Stacker v 1.0 software and processed in Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) to obtain a fully-sharpened image. tritaeniorhynchus in Australia may be considered a public health concern due to the abundance of feral pigs occurring across northern Australia, which may increase infection rates and potentially lead to emerging JEV outbreaks [3, 37]. Cookies policy. Okuno T, Tseng PT, Liu SY, Hsu SY, Huang CT. Rates of infection with Japanese encephalitis virus of two culicine species of mosquito in Taiwan. 1979;4:2427. PATH. No. Taxonomy ID: 11076. First report of Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Cape Verde Islands. FMS acknowledges funding from a University of Oxford Rhodes Scholarship (http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk). Despite this feeding preference, intensified pig farming has decreased the bridge between humans and vectors, increasing the likelihood of anthropophagy and resulting in high incidence of JE in areas where pig farms are situated close to human dwellings [49]. Understanding JE vector species composition in locations of high JE transmission is vital as mosquito bionomics differ by species, and interventions targeting Cx. Iran J Arthropod-Bor. 2016;9:242. Smith DL, Dushoff J, McKenzie FE. Detection, Diagnosis and Vaccine Development, the third volume of The Flaviviruses details the current status of technologies for detection and differentiation of these viruses, their use in surveillance and outbreak investigation, and also Specifically, this map can be used to inform vector control programs, highlighting areas which would most benefit from the use of insecticides and areas which would be ideal locations for sentinel sites to monitor vector abundance and disease presence. Sequence divergence results indicate that the Australian Cx. Data presented for multiple time periods or multiple sites were disaggregated to single time periods and sites where possible. Detection of the exotic mosquito Culex gelidus in the Northern Territory. 2014;7:569. Lee DJ. Sci Data. The Flavivirus genus is in the family Flaviviridae and is comprised of more than 70 viruses. The Culicidae of the Australian region, vol. The model output was restricted to the reported range of JE [17]. tritaeniorhynchus in the Darwin and Katherine regions (Fig. Friedl MA, Sulla-Menashe D, Tan B, Schneider A, Ramankutty N, Sibley A, et al. PLoS Biol. 1986;80:8317. tritaeniorhynchus, as has the ability of females to overwinter and estivate in colder months [10, 42, 43], both of which enhance the threat of the JEV vector becoming established and expanding into suitable environments [1]. Annual JE incidence estimates range from 50,000-175,000, with 25%-30% of cases resulting in mortality. Standard length (658bp) COI DNA barcodes were obtained for mosquitoes preliminarily identified using morphology as belonging to the Vishnui subgroup. Accurate species identification of Australian mosquitoes is hindered by the lack of working taxonomists and presence of species complexes, cryptic species, rarely collected species, fragile specimens and a remarkable 170 undescribed species with unconfirmed vector status [2, 11,12,13]. Burkett-Cadena ND, McClure CJW, Estep LK, Eubanks MD. Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito borne zoonotic viral disease. Geographic Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Leman P, Burt FJ, Alahmedt AM, et al. tritaeniorhynchus in Australia from the Darwin and Katherine regions of the NT. Background. Recent taxonomic studies of Culex annulirostris and allied species and their possible significance for arbovirus research. Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination may be recommended for certain groups of people who are going to reside in an area where the disease is endemic or epidemic, such as: . 1980;17:1727. presence from PopBio [69]. Med J . Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic, emerging disease transmitted by mosquito vectors infected with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The predictions of high Cx. California Privacy Statement, Rosenberg R, Ben BC. Mol Ecol Resour. II. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. 92 of Marks (1982), Proboscis with well-defined pale band, at least 0.2times length of proboscis, sharply contrasting remaining proboscis; darker species 3, Legs pale brown, posterior mid and hind femora almost entirely pale yellowish to white, anterior surface of mid tibiae almost uniform brown, without pale line (Fig. A relative influence (%) was calculated as the sum of the number of times a particular variable was selected for splitting a regression tree in each sub-model, weighted by the squared improvement to the overall model averaged over all trees in the sub-model [94]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2015;143:11220. The covariates used here do not capture all of the potential sources of variation that may influence mosquito habitat suitability (factors such as predation and intraspecific competition are hard to quantify); however, the utilization of more than one land cover class ensured that the influence of vegetation on habitat suitability was more fully accounted for in our model. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1988. van den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Mackenzie JS, Hall-Mendelin S, Ritchie SA. Kraemer MUG, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQN, Shearer FM, Barker CM, et al. Seventeen 55km gridded surfaces covering a range of environmental (n=15) and socio-economic (n=2) covariates hypothesised to influence the distribution of Cx. 2013;12:161. Cohen J. Alongside high predictions of environmental suitability in India, China and Nepal, our model has predicted varying levels of suitability for Cx. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. This book gives a comprehensive overview of HIV and AIDS including NeuroAIDS, as well as general concepts of pathology, immunity and immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. West Nile virus transmission in sentinel chickens and potential mosquito vectors, Senegal River Delta, 20082009. 2). Due to the known influences of temperature on the survival of this species [7880], separate Land Surface Temperature (LST) (daytime and night-time) synoptic mean and standard deviation surfaces were derived from MODIS 8-daily images spanning the period 20002014 [81] which were first gap-filled to remove missing values [77] and then aggregated to generate synoptic surfaces [82]. 2). Google Scholar. For instance, specimens from Australia were not monophyletic, but instead grouped within the larger Cx. 2009;81:45762. This handbook focuses on effective malaria control responses to complex emergencies, particularly during the acute phase when reliance on international humanitarian assistance is greatest. Seo H-J, Kim HC, Klein TA, Ramey AM, Lee J-H, Kyung S-G, et al. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Australian members of subgenus Culex remain difficult to identify using morphology alone, with accurate species identification hindered by the presence of undescribed [11] or potential cryptic species [13]. 2004;2:e368. Japanese encephalitis is a potentially severe viral brain infection usually transmitted through the bite of an infected Culex spp. Vectors of Japanese encephalitis in Hong Kong Introduction Japanese encaphalitis (JE) is a zoonotic disease. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) phylogeny of Culex (Culex) species using maximum likelihood and a best-fit partitioning scheme in IQ-TREE. Survival rates of immature stages of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera, Culicidae) in rice fields under summer cultivation. In some areas where the primary vector is scarce or absent, sporadic cases of Japanese encephalitis have been reported, with Aedes japonicus japonicus presumed to have the . Nucleic Acids Res. Japanese encephalitis transmission is widespread across temperate areas of Asia, and JEV has recently spread south-east, being reported in Australia [1417]. Google Scholar. The full distribution of Australian breeding sites of Cx. Standard deviation values for each pixel were calculated across the model ensemble on the logit scale. tritaeniorhynchus+(Cx. tritaeniorhynchus at each 55kmpixel within the JE risk area is displayed in Fig. Tree-based identification using a 658-bp COI barcoding region demonstrated moderate support for the monophyly of Cx. BMC Med. The virus causing Japanese encephalitis is transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui groups, which breed particularly in flooded rice fields. 74A-74E. Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. The Australian species Culex (Culex) crinicauda Edwards, 1921, also occurring in the NT, was once considered as belonging to the Vishnui subgroup by Marks [11] but was later excluded from the group by subsequent taxonomists [2]. 1994;38:82730. tritaeniorhynchus to provide insights into the potential origin of the vector. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral zoonosis that also affects humans. 92 of Marks from Australia [2, 11]. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. The book opens with a brief description of recent changes in the approach to vector control, followed by a discussion of factors that can influence the success of control measures undertaken by individuals and communities. Japanese encephalitis. Rijeka: Intech Europe; 2013. PubMed From e-voucher to genomic data: Preserving archive specimens as demonstrated with medically important mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). All locations>5km were referred to as polygons, and were split into two classes: (1) administrative polygons if a sample site referred to a countrys administrative divisions (administrative levels 1, 2, or 3, as defined by the UN Food and Agriculture Organizations Global Administrative Units Layer project (GAUL) [61]), and (2) non-administrative polygons if a sample site referred to an area>5km wide at its widest point which was not a countrys administrative level 1, 2 or 3 division. Asahina S. Transoceanic flight of mosquitoes on the Northwest Pacific. How many feral pigs in Australia? tritaeniorhynchus and surveys for this genus overlap in their sampling design, but unfortunately, data for Culex species alone did not provide sufficient coverage across our study extent. 32 of Marks. 32 and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is predominantly an Asiatic species, with highly suitable environments located across India, Nepal and China. This procedure has been shown to increase the models ability to discriminate between presence and background data [90]. 3e) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901. Article 1955;1953:97107. Cross-validation of species distribution models: removing spatial sorting bias and calibration with a null model. In February and May, 2020 the Medical Entomology unit of the Northern Territory (NT) Top End Health Service collected Cx . As the number of background records was considerably higher than the number of occurrence records, we adjusted the weight of background records in each sub-model so that their weighted sum was equal to the weighted sum of occurrence records. 2002;267:4953. A taxonomic key was prepared to separate adult females of Cx. Location of presence and background data used in the model. Future efforts to understand the geographical variation in human risk of JEV infection in Asia would benefit from an improved understanding of the spatial distribution of its primary vector. This file can be opened in GIS software such as QGIS (http://www.qgis.org/) or ArcMap (http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis). tritaeniorhynchus would benefit from further sampling in areas lacking in presence data where JEV has been identified, or from the public release of mosquito survey data already obtained within these areas. Adv Virus Res. From the Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases 73.43% of occurrence records were obtained during the years for which we have annual land cover class layers (20012012), as indicated by orange x-axis breaks. Rejmnkov E, Grieco J, Achee N, Roberts DR. Ecology of larval habitats, Anopheles mosquitoes - New insights into malaria vectors. Phillips SJ, Dudk M, Elith J, Graham CH, Lehmann A, Leathwick J, et al. Altman RM. Reisen WK, Lothrop HD. Methods of sampling population of the Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes. The virus is maintained in animals, birds, pigs, particularly the birds belonging to family Ardeidae (eg. Ecology. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. The spatial distribution of the presence and background data used to train and fit the model is shown in Fig. Shin EH, Lee WG, Chang KS, Song BG, Lee SK, Chei YM, et al. Therefore, it is possible that these early larval records of Cx. The JE virus is a member of the family Fla-4 viviridae. Records obtained from online repositories were restricted to those reporting occurrences within Asia, and replicate coordinate/year combinations were removed to avoid duplication. SIH is funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (#095066), and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1119467, OPP1093011, OPP1106023 and OPP1132415). JE virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex species mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus.. is arbovirus is the leading Bosco-Lauth A, Mason G, Bowen R. Pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in a golden hamster model and evaluation of flavivirus cross-protective immunity. Global Ecol Biogeogr. We have provided robust estimates for the spatial heterogeneity in Cx. The covariates that proved to be the top predictors, and their relative influence on the model, are given in Additional file 5: Table S2. Saving Lives, Protecting People, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2014;2:5967. Japanese encephalitis is contracted by the bite of an infected mosquito, primarily Culex tritaeniorhynchus.Japanese encephalitis virus circulates between a mosquito vector and either pigs or water birds (such as herons) in Southeast Asia. The remaining hyperparameters of the BRT algorithm were: tree complexity=4, learning rate=0.005, bag fraction=0.75, cross-validation folds=10, step size=10. Recent vector competence testing has shown that possums and the black flying fox Pteropus alecto are potential amplifying hosts for JEV in Australia, compared to those considered to be poor hosts, such as the eastern grey kangaroos, agile wallabies and tammar wallabies [22, 47,48,49]. Google Scholar. In: Vector-borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystems management: proceedings of the Workshop on Reasearch and Training Needs in the Field of Integrated Vector-Borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries, 1987 Mar 9-14. All occurrence data obtained from our literature search has been provided as a supplement to this publication (see Additional file 2: Table S1), to ensure reproducibility. Lee DJ, Hicks MM, Debenham ML, Griffiths M, Marks EN, Bryan JH, et al. 3e); scutum with uniform dull brown scaling, without obvious patches of whitish scales (Fig. Springer Nature. Transmission of Japanese Encephalitis Virus from the Black Flying Fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia. Colless DH. Japan J Med Sci Biol. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic prcis. 1959;8:66577. albopictus. Bioinformatics. No. JL and AJB collated, standardised and geo-positioned the occurrence data. Ting SH, Tan HC, Wong WK, Ng ML, Chan SH, Ooi EE. The virus circulates in ardeid birds (herons and egrets). The background dataset comprised of 10,211 records, representative of 250 mosquito species. 32 of Marks (1982). These diseases include dengue, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and Murray Valley encephalitis. 2016;65:9971008. Urban agricultural land use and characterization of mosquito larval habitats in a medium-sized town of Cote dIvoire. Mapping the spatial distribution of the Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae) within areas of Japanese encephalitis risk. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen mainly found in East and Southeast Asia and transmitted by mosquitoes. Med Entomol Zool. Google Scholar. Epidemiology, geographical distribution, and economic consequences of swine zoonoses: a narrative review. Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, von Haeseler A, et al. Privacy 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. No. Seroepidemiology of neutralizing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in Singapore: continued transmission despite abolishment of pig farming? orientalis and Cx. 2014;5:149. How to evaluate and assess the acceptability, cost efficiency and cost benefit of the control and surveillance methods? The information in this book will help to answer these questions.
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