Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 to his death. In 1150 - 1151, Henry became ruler of Normandy and Anjou, after the death of his father. established by Henry II of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, comprised of half of France, all of England, parts of Ireland and Wales anglo saxons The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. Henry was forced to give way. Of his five sons, only Richard and John survived his death on July 6, 1189. Corrections? After becoming king aged 21 he ruled for 34 years and through his military efforts and energy regained control over a large Kingdom that included England, Wales and the French regions of Anjou, Maine and Touraine and Brittany. William Marsh… Category:Henry II of England. This system presupposed regular visits by the King’s justices on circuit (or, in the technical phrase, “on eyre”), and these tours became part of the administration of the country. Of these, the four sons who survived infancy—Henry, Geoffrey, Richard, and John—repaid his genuine affection with resentment toward their father and discord among themselves. The council contained an unusually able group of men—some of them were great barons, such as Richard de Lucy and Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester; others included civil servants, such as Nigel, bishop of Ely, Richard Fitzneale, and his son, Richard of Ilchester. He inherited the duchy of Normandy in 1150; succeeded his father as count of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine in 1151; and in 1152, marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine, acquired Aquitaine, Gascony, Poitou, and Auvergne. Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as King of England (1154–1189), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Restless, impetuous, always on the move, regardless of the convenience of others, he was at ease with scholars, and his administrative decrees were the work of a cool realist. See also the preceding Category:Stephen, King of England and the succeeding Category:Richard I of England. Among these was the King’s council of barons, with its inner group of ministers who were both judges and accountants and who sat at the Exchequer, into which the taxes and dues of the shires were paid by the King’s local representative, the sheriff (shire-reeve). He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in … A similar writ of Mort d’Ancestor decided whether the ancestor of a plaintiff had in fact possessed the estate, whereas that of Darrein Presentment (i.e., last presentation) decided who in fact had last presented a parson to a particular benefice. Henry, the great-grandson of … It led to a complete severance of relations and to the Archbishop’s voluntary exile. His empire building laid the foundation for England and later, Britain’s ability to become a global power. On 19 December 1154 King Henry II was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Anglo-Saxon England had two courts of justice—that of the hundred, a division of the shire, for petty offenses, and that of the shire, presided over by the sheriff. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. He was the first of the Angevin kings, and one of England's most effective monarchs. During the Anarchy, Geoffrey didn’t just rest on his laurels while his wife battled … King of England from 1154, Henry strengthened royal administration but suffered from quarrels with Thomas Becket and his own family. One was scutage, the commutation of military service for a money payment; the other was the obligation, put on all free men with a property qualification by the Assize of Arms (1181), to possess arms suitable to their station. There was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy, supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland. Above all stood the King’s right to set up courts for important pleas and to hear, either in person or through his ministers, any appeal. Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, and as King of England (1154– 1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of … In any case, the long-term results were very great. Henry II was king of England from 1154 to 1189. This was the writ of Novel Disseisin (i.e., recent dispossession). And so, an English presence in Ireland was established. Henry acquired most of the Continental possessions that would expand the kingdom of England before he became king in 1154. Find out more about how the BBC is covering the. His remarkable achievements were impaired, however, by the stresses caused by a dispute with Becket and by discords in his own family. The quarrel touched what was to be the King’s chief concern—the country’s judicial system. Henry’s first comprehensive program was the Assize of Clarendon (1166), in which the procedure of criminal justice was established; 12 “lawful” men of every hundred, and four of every village, acting as a “jury of presentment,” were bound to declare on oath whether any local man was a robber or murderer. In Ireland, reputedly bestowed upon him by Pope Adrian IV, Henry allowed an expedition of barons from South Wales to establish Anglo-Norman supremacy in Leinster (1169), which the King himself extended in 1171. Henry II. Henry took a personal interest in the technique of the Exchequer, which was described at length for posterity in the celebrated Dialogus de scaccario, whose composition seemed to Maitland “one of the most wonderful things of Henry’s wonderful reign.” How far these royal servants were responsible for the innovations of the reign cannot be known, though the development in practice continued steadily, even during the King’s long absences abroad. The Archbishop, after an initial compliance, refused to accept these, and they were throughout the controversy a block to an agreement. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France.Henry was the first English ruler since the Norman Conquest over three hundred years prior whose mother tongue was English rather than French. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. His quarrels with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and with various family members (including his son, Richard the Lionheart) ultimately brought about his defeat. King Stephen agreed to accept Henry as his coadjutor and heir. In striking contrast to the checkered pattern of Henry’s wars and schemes, his governance of England displays a careful and successful adaptation of means to a single end—the control of a realm served by the best administration in Europe. Although the claim of his mother, Matilda, daughter of Henry I, to the English crown had been set aside by her cousin, King Stephen, in 1152, Henry advanced his fortunes by marrying the beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently divorced from King Louis VII of France, who brought with her hand the lordship of Aquitaine. Henry II  © Edward I was a Strong and Formidable King Whose Presence Once Caused A Man to Die of Fright! His parents were Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and Matilda, the daughter of Henry I of England. Richard succeeded his father as king. Henry was defeated and forced to give way, and news that John also had joined his enemies hastened the King’s death near Tours in 1189. Rosamund Clifford (before 1150 – c. 1176), often called "The Fair Rosamund" or the "Rose of the World" (rosa mundi), was famed for her beauty and was a mistress of King Henry II of England… Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Though acknowledging Alexander, he continued throughout the Becket controversy to threaten transference of allegiance to Frederick’s antipope, thus impeding Alexander’s freedom of action. The next morning, Henry II found out that the Scottish king had been captured and the northern invasion was over. And he instituted the Assize of Clarendon, in which the procedure of criminal justice was established. Henry's now began to restore order. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He could be a good companion, with ready repartee in a jostling crowd, but he displayed at times an ungovernable temper and could be heartless and ruthless when necessary. Henry had taken Louis’s former wife and her rich heritage. At the beginning of his reign Henry found England in disorder, with royal authority ruined by civil war and the violence of feudal magnates. The son of Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou and Queen Matilda, Henry was born in LeMans France, and acceded the throne of England in 1154, where he was crowned on December 19. On 19 December 1154 King Henry II was crowned at Westminster Abbey. King of England. Short Biography. Almost overnight Becket became a saint. In 1155, Those at Westminster dealt with private pleas and cases sent up from the justices on eyre. Henry’s mother was the widow of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor and she used her style and title from her first marriage for the rest of her life. In 1169, an Anglo-Norman force landed in Ireland to support of one of the claimants to the Irish high kingship. Read more. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. He could be regarded as one of England’s greatest monarchs after inheriting and uniting a ruined and divided kingdom before earning a fearsome reputation as an empire builder on the continent. He could be regarded as one of England’s greatest monarchs after inheriting and uniting a ruined and divided kingdom before earning a fearsome reputation as an empire builder on the continent. Hendrik II van Engeland (Le Mans, 5 maart 1133 – Chinon, 6 juli 1189) was koning van Engeland, hertog van Normandië, graaf van Anjou, Maine, Touraine en Nantes. In 1164, Henry reasserted his ancestral rights over the church. Fearing the creation of a separate Norman power to the west, Henry travelled to Dublin to assert his overlordship of the territory they had won. Richard joined the protest of the others and was supported by Eleanor. None was blameless, but the cause of the quarrels was principally Henry’s policy of dividing his dominions among his sons while reserving real authority for himself. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of King Henry II, British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Henry II, Henry II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He was already Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, and became Duke of Aquitaine when he married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the former queen of France. Author of. On hearing this Henry reportedly exclaimed, 'Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?' She was known as the Empress because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor. With Louis the relationship was ambiguous. In 1153 Henry led an expedition to claim the throne of England from his mother's rival, Now archbishop of Canterbury, Becket refused to comply. Media in category "Henry II of England" The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. I have always loved anything about Henry II who is considered one of the greatest monarchs in English history. Henry's father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, held rich lands as a vassal from Louis VII … Via zijn vrouw Eleonora van Aquitanië was hij hertog van Aquitanië en Gascogne, en graaf van Poitou, van Auvergne en enkele kleinere graafschappen. His career may be considered in three aspects: the defense and enlargement of his dominions, the involvement in two lengthy and disastrous personal quarrels, and his lasting administrative and judicial reforms. Henry II of England From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Henry II ruled as King of England, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. 1. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. The justices formed three groups: one on tour, one “on the bench” at Westminster, and one with the King when the court was out of London. Finally, the increasing use of scutage, and the availability of the royal courts for private suits, were effective agents in molding the feudal monarchy into a monarchical bureaucracy before the appearance of Parliament. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry reconciled himself with the church, but royal control over the church changed little. After his death in 1199, John ascended the throne. In feudal courts the trial by battle could be avoided by the establishment of a concord, or fine. In the early months of the reign the King, using his energetic and versatile chancellor Becket, beat down the recalcitrant barons and their castles and began to restore order to the country and to the various forms of justice. During his reign, the dynastic marriages of three daughters gave him political influence in Germany, Castile, and Sicily. In 1153 Henry led an expedition to claim the throne of England from his mother's rival, Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Thomas Becket being murdered by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170. Behalve door de opbouw van dit feodale rij… The next day the King of Scots was taken at Alnwick, and three weeks later Henry had suppressed the rebellion in England. It was thus, a few years later, that he came into conflict with the bishops, then led by Becket, over the alleged right of clerics to be tried for crime by an ecclesiastical court. This is a misnomer, for Henry’s sovereignty rested upon various titles, and there was no institutional or legal bond between different regions. In 1170 he crowned his eldest son, Henry, as co-regent with himself; but in fact the young king had no powers and resented his nonentity, and in 1173 he opposed his father’s proposal to find territories for the favoured John (Lackland) at the expense of Geoffrey. Henry now had problems within his own family. More dangerous were the domestic quarrels, which thwarted Henry’s plans and even endangered his life and which finally brought him down in sorrow and shame. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry II of England. Moreover, Henry’s decrees ensured that the judge-and-jury combination would become normal and that the jury would gradually supplant ordeal and battle as being responsible for the verdict. Henry II © King of England from 1154, Henry strengthened royal administration but suffered from quarrels with Thomas Becket and his own family. His quarrels with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and with members of his own family (his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and such sons as Richard the Lion-Heart and John Lackland) ultimately brought about his defeat. By the multiplication of a class of experts in finance and law Henry did much to establish two great professions, and the location of a permanent court at Westminster and the character of its business settled for England (and for much of the English-speaking world) that common law, not Roman law, would rule the courts and that London, and not an academy, would be its principal nursery. His sons were pardoned, but Eleanor was kept in custody until her husband died. Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. Henry II of England was a famous King of England, who was born on March 5, 1133.As a person born on this date, Henry II of England is listed in our database as the 14th most popular celebrity for … By conquest, through diplomacy, and through the marriages of two of his sons, he gained acknowledged possession of what is now the west of France from the northernmost part of Normandy to the Pyrenees, near Carcassonne. The young king lacked visible majesty. Reigned: 1154–1189. As a remedy Henry established the possessory writ, an order from the Exchequer, directing the sheriff to convene a sworn local jury at petty assize to establish the fact of dispossession, whereupon the sheriff had to reinstate the defendant pending a subsequent trial at the grand assize to establish the rights of the case. On this date in 1154 Henry II was crowned king of England, along with his queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Westminster Abbey. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Henry, and his two sons, Richard and John, sometimes referred to by historians as the Angevins, sometimes the Plantagenets, have had a tough time being assessed fairly by history, literature, and the general public. The king's attempt to find an inheritance for John led to opposition from Richard and Philip II of France. A second rebellion flared up in 1181 with a quarrel between his sons Henry and Richard over the government of Aquitaine, but young Henry died in 1183. Using his talented chancellor Thomas Becket, Henry began reorganising the judicial system. Henry IV (April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was King of England from 1399 to 1413. Henry died of disease on 6th July 1189, deserted by his remaining sons who continued to war against him. Het grote machtsgebied dat Hendrik had opgebouwd, wordt het Angevijnse Rijkgenoemd. Louis supported Alexander III, whose case was strong, and Henry became arbiter of European opinion. Henry II of England, also known as Henry II Curtmantle (Le Mans, France, 5 March 1133 – Chinon, France, 6 July 1189) was also Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. The fourth volume of the definitive scholarly edition of the Letters and Charters of Henry II, King of England 1154-1189. Matters were eased by the death of Geoffrey (1186), but the King’s attempt to find an inheritance for John led to a coalition against him of Richard and the young Philip II Augustus, who had succeeded his father, Louis VII, as king of France. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/henry-ii-of-england-33394.php While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Throughout his adult life Henry’s sexual morality was lax; but his relations with Eleanor, 11 years his senior, were for long tolerably harmonious, and, between 1153 and 1167, she bore him eight children. Henry was born at … Henry II (5 March 1133 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, and as King of England (11541189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. Unfortunately good biographies on Henry II, who ruled England for 1154-1189 a.d., are somewhat hard to find. His quarrels with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and with various family members (including his son, Richard the Lionheart) ultimately brought about his defeat. Henry, who was the duke of Aquitaine, had a claim to the English throne, and he invaded England in 1153. Who was Henry II of England? Henry had named Matilda as his successor to the English throne but her cousin Stephen had taken over. 2. After receiving a good literary education, part of it in England, Henry became duke of Normandy in 1150 and count of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine on the death of his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, in 1151. Henry II was king of England from 1154 to 1189. Regius Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge, 1954–63. A result of this was the celebrated collection of decrees—the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164)—which professed to reassert the ancestral rights of the King over the church in such matters as clerical immunity, appointment of bishops, custody of vacant sees, excommunication, and appeals to Rome. Trial of those accused was reserved to the King’s justices, and prisons for those awaiting trial were to be erected at the King’s expense. In 1184 Richard quarrelled with John, who had been ordered to take Aquitaine off his hands. Henry II had at least a few illicit lovers, who bore him several illegitimate children, although by no means as many as his grandfather Henry I or his son John. Archbishop Thomas Becket is brutally murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by four knights of King Henry II of England, apparently on orders of the king. The Assize of Clarendon (1166) established procedures of criminal justice, establishing courts and prisons for those awaiting trial. In the spring of 1168, Henry II, King of England, wrote to Pope Alexander III. Any questions Alnwick, and they were throughout the controversy a block to an agreement weeks later Henry had Matilda! Control and discouraged irregular self-help Becket punished priests who had co-operated with Henry from Scotland to appropriate! Into both the Man and the succeeding Category: Stephen, King of Scots was taken at Alnwick and. Louis supported Alexander III and determine whether to revise the article of his father was of. 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